Blood Root | Potentilla erecta |
Butterfly Weed | Asclepias Tuberosa |
Calendula | Calendula Offcinallis |
Cape Gooseberry | Physalis peruviana |
Cape Spearmint | Menthae spicata cape |
Catmint | N. Mussini |
Clary Sage | Salvia Salarea |
Cone flower | Echinacea purpurea |
Cornflower | Centaurea Cyanus |
Cowsiip | Primula veris |
Fever few | Chrysanthemum parthenium |
Foxglove | Digitalis purpurea |
Garlic | Allium sativum |
German Chamomile | Matricaria spicata |
Germander | Teucrium chamaedrys |
Hens & Chicks | Houseleek semperviorum tectorium |
Hollyhock | Alcea roseanwood |
Horehound | Marrubium Vulgare |
Joe Pye weed | Eupatorium purpureum |
Lady’s Mantle | Alchemilla Mollis |
Ladys Bed straw | Galium verum |
Lavender | Hidcote |
Lavender | Munstead |
Mint | Mentha arvensis |
Musk mallow | Malva. Moschata |
New England Aster | Asternovae anglias |
Peony White | Paeonia Lactiflora |
Peppermint | Mentha x piperita |
Rue | Ruta graveolens |
Solomon’s Seal | Polygomatium odoratum |
Southernwood | Artemisia abratanum |
Spearmint | Mentha Spicata |
St. John Wort | Hypericum Peforatum |
Sweet woodruff | Galium odoratum |
Thyme | Thymus vulgaris |
Valerian | Valeriana Officinalis |
Wild Geranium | Geranium Maculatum |
Wild white Yarrow | Achillea millefolium |
Month: October 2019
The Sage Thymes, Feb 1999
Volume 7, Issue 6 – February 1999
The Black Swamp Herb Socity, with Gardens at the Wood County Historical Center
Programs and Planning
Dr. Lori Willmarth-Dunn, Ph.D, exercise Physiologist, Wellness Counselor and proprietor of Life Paths Journey to Wellness was the well received January speaker. The word “inspirational” is not often used within our group – but that was the operative word for Lori’s presentation.
It is not a requirement that local speakers join the Black Swamp Herb Society, but it is gratifying when they do. Some names to add to your membership booklet:
Dr. Lori Willmarth-Dunn
Bowling Green, OH 43402
Jean Ladd
Bowling Green, OH 43402
Betty Reid
Cygnet, OH 43418
Welcome to all.
If you can make it to the Annual Pot Luck, Monday, February 22 please give Kathy Hicks a call. We are such a working group, a night off is good for us all! We convene at 7 at the Wood County Historical Center. Hostesses for the evening are Wendy Vaughn and Lynn Beard.
1999 Garden Planning began with the January meeting. First priority was identifying annuals needing to be ordered, seeds needing to be ordered and known perennial replacements. Chairmen are coming up with some exciting ideas and enthusiasm is running high as we look out into the frosty nights.
“Our” very own portrait of the Herb Gardens now hangs in our meeting room, offering us thoughts of summer color.
Cooking With Herbs
From the Kitchen of Jeanne Turner
Low Fat Lemon Poundcake
1 box reduced fat Betty Crocker or Duncan Hines Yellow cake mix
1/2 cup sugar
1/3 cup vegetable oil
1/4 cup water
1 cup egg substitute e.g. Egg Beaters
2 (8 oz) containers Dannon fat free yogurt (pour off watery liquid)
3 teaspoons lemon juice
1 tablespoon poppy seeds (optional)
Combine all ingredients. Pour into greased Bundt pan. Bake at 350 degrees according to package directions. Cool for ten minutes. Turn upside down on serving plate. Best if made the day before eating.
(Served and appreciated at January meeting.)
Crab-stuffed Portobello Mushroom Burgers
2 tablespoons olive oil
2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar
2 teaspoons chopped basil
2 teaspoons chopped fresh rosemary
4 Portobello mushroom caps (4” wide) washed and stemmed.
1/2 cup mayonnaise
Juice of one lemon
2 teaspoons lemon zest
1 tablespoon butter
1/2 pound fresh lump crabmeat, diced
4 hamburg buns
In a small bowl whisk together oil, vinegar, basil, rosemary. Place with mushrooms in resealable plastic bag; close and turn to thoroughly coat mushrooms. Marinate 15 minutes.
Remove mushrooms from marinade; reserve marinade. Place mushrooms in center of cooking grate. Grill 16 minutes, turning once halfway through and brushing occasionally with reserve marinade.
Meanwhile, in a small bowl mix mayonnaise, lemon juice and lemon zest. Set aside. In small skillet melt butter. Add crabmeat and heat through, stirring frequently. Toast buns.
Spread mayonnaise mixture on bottom and top half of each toasted bun. Place Portobello mushrooms, cap-side up, on bottom half of each bun. Fill mushrooms caps with equal amounts of crabmeat. Cover with top half of bun. Makes 4 servings.
(Adapted from “Grill Out Times”)
Romaine Citrus Salad with Almonds
1/4 cup vegetable oil
2 tablespoons vinegar (Jeanne used strawberry)
2 teaspoons sugar
1 1/2 tablespoons chopped fresh parsley
1/2 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon Tabasco sauce
1/3 cup slivered almonds
3 taplespoons sugar
1 head romaine, torn
1 cup chopped celery
2 chopped green onions
1 chopped avocado
1 1/2 cup drained mandarin oranges
Combine and whisk ingredients oil through Tabasco sauce. Cover and chill. Combine almonds and 3 Tablespoons sugar in a skillet, mix and cook over medium heat until almonds are coated and a light brown. Cool. Toss romaine, celery and green onions in a bowl. Add and toss almonds, avocado, mandarin oranges and chilled dressing. 4 servings.
(From Texas Ties and Jeanne’s daughter’s future mother-in law.)
All Wrapped Up
An aromatic tale
I learned all sorts of things. An ounce of lavender will fill a measuring cup. Two cups of rice equals a pound of rice. A yard and a quarter of flannel (provided it is cut straight) will make eight neck wrap cases. Even with a production line approach, things take longer than you think (well, I already knew that, but my optimistic spirit is not yet dead.) Average sewing and stuffing time for each Aromawrap – about an hour. Mixing and stuffing herbs and final stitching of inner bag takes about fifteen minutes. The complete material cost is $2 each.
It all began with a phone call from a satisfied Old Home Christmas customer seeking an Aroma neckwrap gift for a friend. He called the Public Library trying to find us! Then BSHS members started making comments like, “ I wish I had bought more Aromawraps. Cousin so and so would really like one.”
Well, I had just finished knitting a sweater, had no impending crisis and was between projects….so off to Joanne Fabrics and on to a week of chaos. My mortar and pestle got the workout of its life as I crushed cloves, and my sewing machine justified its existence.
Upshot
We have ten Aromawraps complete and ready to sell to members, friends and at upcoming events at the Wood County Historical Center. We have sold two at $12 each. We have thirty eight sets of Aromawraps ready to be stuffed as needed. We also have thirty-two hours of volunteer credit at the Historical Center.
Volunteer Credit?
Our gardens are part of the Wood County Historical Center. When we work on the gardens we are also providing volunteer time that enhances The Center. Most of the money we make at Old Home Christmas goes back into the garden in one form or another. That too can be counted as WCHC time. From now on when members work in the garden or chicken coop, or spend time preparing for Old Home Christmas write it down and report it to Frances and a note of compiled times will be sent to Pat Smith . This is a sensible and positive way to get recognition for the work The Black Swamp Herb Society does.
Any more “do ahead” ideas for Christmas?
For the Library
Two new books
In January Lavender by Tesse Evelegh was added to the library. 1999 is the year of Lavender so the choice is appropriate. From the Publisher’s Blurb:
You’ll be inspired by the many creative ideas for using lavender throughout the home, including a sumptuous Baroque Obelisk that evokes 17th century style; an Oven Mitt with a lavender sachet sewn inside; and a Fresh Lavender Heart that fills the air with romance when hung on a wall.
The February addition is by our old friend Marge Clarke – The Best of Thymes. She is getting big time. She started out as a selfpublisher using a small inheritance from her mother to get started. She still self-publishes, but is reaching an ever wider audience. From the Publisher’s Blurb:
This hefty hardcover cookbook (8 1/4” x 10 1/ 4” 410 pages) contains hundred of Marge Clark’s wonderful tantalizing recipes. Each chapter centers around one of 12 culinary herbs: basil, chives, dill, French tarragon, lemon verbena, mint, oregano and marjoram, parsley, rosemary, sage, scented geraniums, and of course thyme. Other culinary herbs are combined in a single chapter. The scope of the cookbook is extensive. Along with recipes, Clark shares background information on each herb, personal growing and harvesting tips and other helpful information. As with her Christmas Thyme at Oakhill Farm book, Clark self-published this and did an incredible job with its design. Each page is bordered with lovely designs and many are adorned with graceful color watercolors, illustrating a dish, ingredient or herb. My copy won’t retain its pristine beauty for long, as it will surely become one of my workhorse cookbooks.
Putting aroma into words
ANISE HYSSOP – licorice, slightly minty
BEE BALMS – minty, may have citrus or oregano overtones
CATPNIP – sedative, calming
LEMON THYME – lemony, antiseptic
MARJORAM – calming
PATCHOULI – moist -earth
PEPPERMINT – cool and refreshing
ROSEMARY – cool, refreshing, antiseptic
SWEET WOODRUFF – delicate hay scent
THYME – strongly antiseptic
CHAMOMILE – gentle apple
ELDER – honey
JASMINE – delicate, ethereal
LAVENDER – refreshing, cleansing
POPPY – relaxing
YARROW – calming
ANISEED – sweet
CARAWAY – pungently spicy
CUMIN – strong, warm
DILL – stimulating
FENNELL – sweet, licorice
SWEET CICELY – pleasantly sweet
Flax – a new look at a traditional herb
From the January 1999 newsletter:
The little flax plant that returns each year in our Medicinal Garden is an ornamental, grown for looks, not usefulness. It is probably Linum perenne or L. narbonense or L. lewisii. These are all carefree perennials.
The real workhorses – the herb that is a “useful plant” is an annual, Linum usitatissimum or “the most useful kind of flax.”
And over the centuries useful it has been.
The Egyptians cultivated flax and used the fibers for everything from diapers to mummy wrappings. Flax seed is a food staple in Ethiopia and other parts of North Africa. Medicinally powdered flax seed was mixed with honey and water and given to expectant mothers “for an easy birth.” Flaxseed does indeed contain prostaglandin – which eases labor.
Less easy to prove are the folk notions that flax was a blessed plant associated with good fortune and as a protection against witch craft. Have a homely grandchild under seven? Have the kid dance in a flax field during his/her seventh year and beauty is assured.
Remember the oilcloth of your childhood? Invented by the Chinese at the start of the first millennium oilcloth is canvas treated with flaxseed oil. Linoleum, invented in 1863, is boiled linseed oil mixed with cork and applied to a burlap backing which was then pressured into sheets. We have vinyl floors now, but linoleum lead the way.
The American settlers brought seeds of the “most useful kind of flax” with them and carried the seeds West with them.
Flaxseed oil was used for all sorts of poultices and skin softeners. Flaxseed tea was used for coughs, urinary infections and as a laxative. The tradition goes all the way back to Hippocrates.
Linseed oil is still used to finish furniture, to protect boots and as a paint base for people who don’t mind cleaning up.
Growing flax is easy. Processing is awful. If the grower waits for the seed heads to ripen the fiber in the stem is past it’s prime, so a given crop is grown for flaxseeds or fiber. For the home gardener thinking about harvesting seeds the following advice is given. “Slide a pillowcase over the top end of a bundle of pods, tie the case securely then put it down on a paved driveway… Beat with a block of wood, roll them with a rolling pin, jump on the bag, drive back and forth over it with a car.” This is step one. Processing the fibers is even worse, requiring “special tools, a lot of physical work, and a sense of timing and judgment that comes only from long experience.”
Modern Snake Oil?
Internet sites and publications such as Environmental Nutrition (which has an impressive editorial panel of medics and nutritionists ) sing the praises of seed and oil until one wonders if it is the spiel of an old time medicine man!
Flaxseed is:
- Rich in Protein
- Contains the omega-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) which may protect against arthritis, some kinds of stroke and heart disease.
- Is a good source of fiber
- Lowers cholesterol
- Contains lignans – “phytoestrogens that may act as cancer-blockers for hormone-dependent cancers such as the breast, endometrium and prostate.”
- Help with attention deficit disorder (ADHD)
Flaxseed oil is:
- all of the above except no fiber.
If you are interested
Flaxseed oil is available at grocery stores, but it is a bit tricky. Never use in baking. Good in salad dressings and the like. Must be refrigerated and kept in a dark bottle. Use within 30 days.
Flaxseed is available by the pound at health food stores and grocery outlets likes Krogers. A little goes a long way. (A tablespoon a day is currently recommended.) Because the hulls are extremely tough it is a good idea to invest in a coffee mill dedicated to flaxseed alone. After milling, seed can be refrigerated in a ziplock bag for several days. Unmilled seed keeps up to a year at room temperature.
Flaxseed has a pleasant nutty flavor and can be used as a topper on cereal, fruit etc. and in baking replacing oils.
Best website: www.flaxcouncil.ca.
The Sage Thymes, Jan 1999
Volume 7, Issue 5, January 1999
The Black Swamp Herb Socity, with Gardens at the Wood County Historical Center
Weather Policy
The new system of declaring weather emergencies at level 1, 2 or 3 has caused some confusion among local governments and individual drivers. However, it can work to our advantage. A number of times over the last few years bad weather has led to cancellations of meetings and frantic times on the telephone. Let’s keep it simple. Any declaration of weather emergency in Wood County that has a number attached to it automatically cancels any scheduled meeting. We know when to be wimps!
Old Friend
Received a note and a check from former member Marion Weaver. She and her husband have retired to Florida. She is learning to garden in a new climate and apparantly gets to dabble in the dirt all year round. She misses us and the newsletter and is now back on our mailing list.
Olde Home Christmas
Many thanks to Christmas Cochairs Angela Bair and Jeanne Turner. Thanks to members who toiled during the work shops and at home to provide goods. All shifts were covered and again thanks to the membership. The final auditing is not complete but we are assured of clearing over $1500. It is likely that we will participate again next year so start looking for, writing down and clipping ideas. The little trees still seem to be a big favorite.
The Historical Society is looking at ways to add a bit more oomph to the displays and so increase attendance. Our goods seemed to match the nature and size of the attendees and we can always adjust to changing expectations. Stay tuned.
Next meeting – January 25, 1999
Doors open at 6 PM for “Brown baggers.” Meeting at 7 pm. Special guest is Dr. Lori Wilmarth-Dunn of “Lifepaths.” We will start garden planning in earnest.
Will have program booklets available. After that we mail!
Hostesses: Jeanne Turner, Angela Bair.
Cooking With Herbs
Banana Flaxseed Bread
Makes 1 loaf (20 slices)
1 cup all-purpose flour
3/4 cup whole wheat flour
3/4 cup milled flaxseed
3/4 cup sugar
1 teaspoon baking powder
1/2/ teaspoon baking soda
1/2 teaspoon salt (optional)
2 eggs
1/3 cup canola oil
1 cup mashed bananas (2 or 3 ripe)
- Mix ingredients flour through salt in a bowl.
- In a separate large boil beat together eggs and oil.
- Add dry ingredients and mashed banana alternately to the egg and oil mixture, stirring just until dry ingredients are moistened.
- Pour into a greased 9 inch by 5 inch loaf pan.
- Bake at 350 degrees for 55-60 minutes.
1 slice: Cal. 145; Protein 3 grams; Fat 8 grams; Fiber 2 grams; Sodium 94 mg.
Flaxseed breakfast
Two servings
1 orange thinly sliced crosswise and pulled into bite sized pieces
1 banana thinly sliced
1 kiwi peeled and thinly sliced
1/2 cup yogurt plain or with fruit
2 tablespoons milled flax seed
- Divide fruit between two bowls
- Top with yogurt
- Sprinkle with flax seed
Serving: Cal. 204; Protein 5.6 grams; Fat 4 grams; Fiber 7 grams; Sodium 35 mg.
Flaxseed Bread
2 loaves (40 slices)
1 tablespoon active dry yeast
1 cup warm water
1/4 cup molasses
1 teaspoon salt
2 tablespoons canola oil
3/4 cup milk
2 1/2 cups all-purpose flour
2 1/ 2 cups whole wheat flour
1/3 cup flaxseed
1 egg yolk
one tablespoon milk
1 tablespoon flaxseed
- In a large bowl combine yeast and warm water, stirring gently until dissolved.
- Add molasses, salt, oil and milk; sir to blend.
- In a separate bowl, mix the flours and flaxseed.
- Add flour mixture gradually to the liquid ingredients and stir until blended.
- Knead the dough 8 to 10 minutes on a lightly floured surface until elastic.
- Place dough in an oiled bowl, cover and let rise for 1 1/4 hours, or until doubled.
- Punch down the dough and divide into two portions. Shape each portion into a smooth ball. Cover and let rest 10 minutes.
- Place each portion, shaped into a loaf, into an oiled 8 1/2 X 4 1/2 loaf pan and let rise for about 1 hour or until doubled in bulk.
- In a small bowl, beat the egg yolk with 1 tablespoon milk. Gently brush the mixture on the tops of the loaves. Sprinkle each loaf with 1/2 tablespoon of flaxseed.
Bake in a preheated 350 degree oven for 40 to 45 minutes. Turn the loaves onto a rack and cool for 1 hour.
Per slice: Cal. 76; Protein 2.5; Fat 6.4 grams; fiber 1.5 grams; sodium 62 mg.
Upcoming Events
Monday, January 25th 7pm @ Wood County Historical Society Black Swamp Herb Society Thursday, January 28, @ Cleveland Botanical Gardens all day workshop Good Foundations Call Valerie (419-878-9336) if interested in car pooling. ($99)
Friday, February 19 @ Otsego park 9-4 workshop Teaching About Nature (Sandy Hayden, Frances Brent and Karen Wallack are signed up. Consider joining us. Call Frances 353-5058 ($25)
Tuesday, February 23 @ Kitchen Tools & Skills 26597 N. Dixie Highway, Perrysburg Unusual Culinary Gardens with Valerie Trudeau (call 419-872-9090) ($20)
Sunday, February 28 @ Wintergarden Rotary Nature Center 2:30-4:30 Nature Narrates Lullaby of the Leaves A discussion with listening and performance examples investigating the influence of nature on the composer and music performer. Presentation by Eric Wallack
Odds and ends
During these dreary winter months when a recipe calls for fresh herbs check out the stores. Am amazed at the packaging and variety of fresh herbs available even during the prolonged ice storms. If we don’t buy the herbs, stores will stop carrying them! Horrors!
The pharmacological watchdogs are taking note of popular herbal supplements on the market, and this can be to our benefit. Be careful if you are taking cardiac medication, diuretics or psychotherapeutic medications. If you have a specific concern, call Frances.
January isn’t really so bad. This is the month of the garden catalogues, this is the time we start building unrealistic expectations about our gardens, this is the time we become giddy with colors and possibilities as we turn the pages drinking in the profusion and falling once again for the seductive prose of the garden writers. Thank heavens gardeners are eternal suckers and incurable optimists.
Volunteer Spotlight: Ruth Steele
The following article appeared in The Oak Leaf, the program guide for the Wood County Park District, Vol. VIII, Issue 4, October/November/December 2012
It is reprinted here with permission from the Wood County Park District.
VOLUNTEER SPOTLIGHT
Volunteering, doing something you love already, can give purpose because it becomes an outlet that enriches others, but ends up coming back to you in manifold ways you’d never guess until you decide to give of yourself.
Ruth Steele
This month, the Wood County Park District Volunteer Program would like to shine the spotlight on Ruth Steele of Weston, Ohio. Ruth began donating
her time and talents with the Wood County Park District/Wood County Historical Museum in 1996.
The Herb Garden at the Wood County Historical Center was created in 1992 by the Black Swamp Herb Society led by Jean Gamble. The garden originally included an area for medicinal, culinary, fragrant and everlasting plantings in a formal setting. It has grown to include a children’s, butterfly and grandmother’s gardens as well as several roses. The Herb Garden is frequently used for picnics, meetings and weddings.
A retiree from Century Marketing, Ruth is now President of the Black Swamp Herb Society and is also a Wood County Master Gardener. In addition to volunteering at the Herb Garden, Ruth has also helped in our greenhouse as well as special events. She is an active volunteer at the Wood County Historical Museum helping with teas and Christmas tours. Additionally, Ruth teaches Sunday School at Grace Brethren Church.
When asked what advice she would give someone considering volunteering for the Park District, Ruth stated “Our Wood County Parks are so varied in their beauty and atmosphere, it is fun to find out where you fit, to take part in nourishing them, and reaping the rewards… You will be surprised how you are drawn in by the friends you make while you’re kneeling on the grass working in the soil…”
The WCPD would
like to express our appreciation to Ruth Steele and the Black Swamp Herb
Society for their hard work and dedication.
Sowing the seeds of history
Women keep gardens growing at county museum y Stepha Poulin
(This article appeared in the Sentinel-Tribune Home & Garden 2019 magazine, April 2019. It is reprinted here with permission of the Sentinel-Tribune.
Special to the Sentinel-Tribune
Jean Gamble donates much of her time to the garden at the Wood County Historical Center and Museum. She h, create the original for the garden and has experienced its beauty during 26 years of volunteer work.
In 1993, Gamble and fellow members of the Black Swamp Herb Society decided to propose a garden at the museum. The group decided to enhance a small garden next to the Pestilence (Pest) House, a former living space for men with communicable diseases.
Gamble said the original plans for the garden were the group’s “own design.”
“We’re just trying to keep the garden open to the public. It’s a great place to meditate, picnic and enjoy the fragrance of herbs.”
Jean Gamble, Volunteer for Wood County Historical Center and Museum
“We thought they had an herb garden by the pest and we wanted a garden for people to learn about herbs,” Gamble said. “We thought the best way for people to learn about herbs was to have a garden.”
The herb-enthusiasts started polling the community. and most people seemed to support the idea of the garden. Residents and businesses donated money and supplies. The group also worked with the museum to acquire supplies for the garden.
“At the start. people were good to us. But some people thought we were going to be growing marijuana,” Gamble said with laugh.
Any Concerns were short-lived. Once the gardeners had enough supplies, they put their hands in the dirt.
A year late, the museum held a ribbon-cutting ceremony and dedicated the garden to the public. The American Herb Society visited the garden and was surprised with how excellent the garden looked in such a short amount of time, Gamble said.
At one point, the volunteers sold handmade items, such as dried flowers and potpourri, crafted with materials from the gardens. “We became our own best customers when we sold things in the museum gift shop,” so they decided to halt sales, Gamble said.
Gamble said the garden has gone through many changes since its beginnings. Members of the Black Swamp Herb Society have grown older over the years, so most of the original volunteers aren’t working in the garden anymore.
Yet Gamble still finds pleasure in working there.
Although she has stepped down from her position as garden chair, she still plays a pivotal role in the garden, assisting garden chair Ruth Steele.
“I’m Ruth’s right-hand man,” she said. “It’s been a hobby; I’m not a master gardener, but I know a lot about plants and spent time with the earth. I know what the plants need.”
Nothing lasts forever, but I hope the garden lasts.
Jean Gamble, Volunteer for Wood County Historical Center and Museum
Gamble currently manages the Medicinal Garden and tends the rose bushes. Her sister, Dorothy Golden, manages the Culinary Garden.
If the weather permits, the sisters and other volunteers head out to the garden in early spring to prune leaves, divide perennials, add compost to soil and check plants for diseases.
“We have a lot of chores in the spring,” Gamble said.
During growing season, more intensive work begins. But thanks to a new sprinkler system, the volunteers have a little less labor to complete when they tend to the garden, usually on Thursday afternoons.
They work against nature itself to help the plants survive. Last year, heavy rains packed down the clay soil, lowering its oxygenation. Volunteers had to rotate the soil so the plants would survive.
“We try very hard to please the plants, but sometimes they don’t please us,” Gamble said.
The garden has always been home to an abundance of herbs, such as basil, lemongrass, rosemary and tarragon, found in the Culinary Garden. Lavender and germander hedges divide sections of the garden.
But sections of the garden have changed through the years. The Children’s Garden was removed and replaced with the Grandmother’s Garden. There was a native garden, “but that didn’t last,” Gamble said.
“There was a time I was there all day until dark,” she said. “We’re just trying to keep the garden open to the public. It’s a great place to meditate, picnic and enjoy the fragrance of the herbs.”
Gamble hopes new visitors and volunteers can experience the garden’s beauty. Some volunteer work isn’t very physically demanding, so nearly anyone can help.
“Nothing lasts forever, but I hope the garden lasts,” Gamble said.